Pseudoscience can have dangerous effects. Addressing pseudoscience is part of science education and developing scientific literacy. Philosophers debate the nature of science and the general criteria for drawing the line between scientific theories and pseudoscientific beliefs, but there is widespread agreement "that creationism, astrology, homeopathy, Kirlian photography, dowsing, ufology, ancient astronaut theory, Holocaust denialism, Velikovskian catastrophism, and climate change denialism are pseudosciences." There are implications for health care, the use of expert testimony, and weighing environmental policies. The demarcation between science and pseudoscience has scientific, philosophical, and political implications. Pseudoscience is often characterized by contradictory, exaggerated or unfalsifiable claims reliance on confirmation bias rather than rigorous attempts at refutation lack of openness to evaluation by other experts absence of systematic practices when developing hypotheses and continued adherence long after the pseudoscientific hypotheses have been experimentally discredited. Pseudoscience consists of statements, beliefs, or practices that claim to be both scientific and factual but are incompatible with the scientific method.
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